Efficacy of photodynamic therapy using ALAHCl in gel with a lipid nanoemulsion and MALHCl in cream in superficial basal cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic option for low-risk basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of topical PDT in the treatment of superficial BCC (sBCC) using two different photosensitizers: aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (ALA-HCl) in a gel formulation with a lipid nanoemulsion (ALA-HCl in gel) and ALA methyl ester hydrochloride (MAL-HCl) in a cream formulation (MAL-HCl in cream). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 21 patients were treated twice with a one week interval between treatments. The formulations were applied onto lesions: 10 patients were treated with MAL-HCl in cream, and 11 with ALA-HCl in gel. After three hours of incubation and removing the preparations, fluorescence was assessed. The skin areas were then irradiated with red light 630 ± 5 nm. RESULTS: At the follow-up visit 12 weeks after the second treatment, complete clinical remission was found in 82% after ALA-HCl in gel and in 80% after MAL-HCl in cream. An excellent cosmetic result was found in 96% of patients after MALHCl in cream and in 100% after ALA-HCl in gel. Faster skin healing and less post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation during follow-up visits was observed after treatment with ALA-HCl in gel. CONCLUSIONS: Both formulations - ALA-HCl in gel and MAL-HCl in cream - were highly effective photosensitisers for PDT. The advantage of ALA-HCl in a gel formulation with a lipid nanoemulsion was faster skin healing, resulting in better cosmetic results.

[Chinese guildeline on diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma (2023 edition)].

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin malignancy, with a higher prevalence in Caucasians than in East Asians. Although there is a lack of epidemiological data in China, it is generally believed that the incidence of BCC in China is increasing due to the aging population. A variety of risk factors are related to the occurrence of BCC, among which ultraviolet rays and gene mutations play a major role, especially the abnormal activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, which is considered to be the most important pathogenesis of BCC. The clinical manifestations of BCC are highly specific, and most experienced doctors can make a preliminary diagnosis by clinical manifestations. Dermoscopy and other imaging methods can greatly improve the accuracy of diagnosis, but there are still some atypical or rare types of BCC that need further confirmation through histopathological examination. This guideline is initiated by the National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases (based on Peking University First Hospital). It has invited a panel of experts consisting of 24 senior dermatologists specializing in dermatologic surgery from the Dermatologic Surgery Group of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association of Dermatology, the Dermatologic Surgery Group of the Dermatology & Venereology Committee, Chinese Association of Integration Medicine, and the Dermatologic Surgery and Cosmetic Branch of Clina Leprosy Association. In addition, experts from the Burn and Plastic Surgery (Maxillofacial), Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Radiation Therapy, and Pathology were also invited to participate. This panel forms the "Chinese Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma" expert group. Based on the latest domestic and international research findings, the guideline was developed through four rounds of discussions by the expert group and revised to provide valuable references for clinical healthcare providers in the diagnosis and treatment of BCC.

Occupational solar exposure and basal cell carcinoma. A review of the epidemiologic literature with meta-analysis focusing on particular methodological aspects.

BACKGROUND: Numerous epidemiologic studies and a few systematic reviews have investigated the association between occupational solar exposure and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). However, previous reviews have several deficits with regard to included and excluded studies/risk estimates and the assessment of risk of selection bias (RoSB). Our aim was to review epidemiologic studies with a focus on these deficits and to use meta-(regression) analyses to summarize risk estimates. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed (including MEDLINE) and Embase for epidemiologic studies. Study evaluation considered four main aspects of risk of bias assessments, i.e. Selection of subjects (selection bias); Exposure variables; Outcome variables; Data analysis. RESULTS: Of 56 identified references, 32 were used for meta-(regression) analyses. The overall pooled risk estimate for BCC comparing high/present vs. low/absent occupational solar exposure was 1.20 (95% CI 1.02-1.43); among studies without major deficits regarding data analysis, it was 1.10 (95% CI 0.91-1.33). Studies with low and high RoSB had pooled risk estimates of 0.83 (95% CI 0.73-0.93) and 1.95 (95% CI 1.42-2.67), respectively. The definitions of exposure and outcome variables were not correlated with study risk estimates. Studies with low RoSB in populations with the same latitude or lower than Germany had a pooled risk estimate of 1.01 (95% CI 0.88-1.15). CONCLUSION: Due to the different associations between occupational solar exposure and BCC among studies with low and high RoSB, we reason that the current epidemiologic evidence base does not permit the conclusion that regular outdoor workers have an increased risk of BCC.

Epidemiological and clinical analysis of exposure-related factors in non-melanoma skin cancer: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) increased over last decades, probably due to environmental concerns or to the increase of frail patients with age related comorbidities. Currently, the relationship of increasing global skin cancer rates with increased ultraviolet radiations (UVRs) resulting from stratospheric ozone depletion, global warming, and air pollution from fossil-fuel combustion. AIMS: We conducted a retrospective epidemiological study including 546 NMSC patients managed at the Dermatology Unit of the Tor Vergata Hospital to highlight different trends of sun exposure or different comorbidities. METHODS: Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed to evidence differences between continous variable and Spearman rank test for dicotomical variables. Charlson Comorbidity Index was calculated to obtain the 10-years survival rate in order to identify the mean comorbidity burden of our patients. RESULTS: Considering patients with comorbidities (73.81%), actinic keratoses (AKs) was the most frequent lesion. In patients with a history of previous melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) was predominant (ANOVA test, p < 0.05) with a statistically significant correlation (rho = 0.453; p < 0.01). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) showed a higher rate in arterial hypertension patients, followed by the chronic heart failure and hematologic neoplasms (60%, 29.7% and 32.1%, respectively) groups. Men were more affected than women, representing 61.54% of patients. Chronic sun exposure is directly correlated with SCC rho = 0.561; p < 0.01), whereas BCC correlated with a history of sunburns (rho = 0.312; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: History of photo-exposition had an important role on NMSC development especially for work or recreational reasons. Sex, age, and presence of comorbidities influenced different NMSC types. BCC was more frequent in younger patients, associated with melanoma and sunburns. The presence of SCC is associated with older patients and the hypertension group. AKs were diagnosed predominantly in oldest men, with a chronic sun-exposure history, and hematologic neoplasms group.

Basal cell carcinoma arising at the site of a previously irradiated infantile hemangioma.

We describe a case of a previously irradiated infantile hemangioma in a patient 1 year of age. At the age of 78, the patient presented with a pink, pearly plaque at the previously irradiated infantile hemangioma site and was found to have a nodular basal cell carcinoma. [Correction added on 30 August 2023, after first online publication: In the preceding sentence, patient age has been corrected in this version] This case highlights the rare, but long-term risks of radiation therapy for hemangiomas, but also presents an interesting historical vignette in dermatological treatments, with photographic documentation. It also represents the longest time interval between irradiation of an infantile hemangioma and the development of a basal cell skin cancer, 70 years in this case.

Basal Cell Skin Cancer, Version 2.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer in the United States. Due to the high frequency, BCC occurrences are not typically recorded, and annual rates of incidence can only be estimated. Current estimated rates are 2 million Americans affected annually, and this continues to rise. Exposure to radiation, from either sunlight or previous medical therapy, is a key player in BCC development. BCC is not as aggressive as other skin cancers because it is less likely to metastasize. However, surgery and radiation are prevalent treatment options, therefore disfigurement and limitation of function are significant considerations. The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) outline an updated risk stratification and treatment options available for BCC.

Genetic variants for smoking behaviour and risk of skin cancer.

Observational studies have suggested that smoking may increase the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) while decreasing the risks of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and melanoma. However, it remains possible that confounding by other factors may explain these associations. The aim of this investigation was to use Mendelian randomization (MR) to test whether smoking is associated with skin cancer, independently of other factors. Two-sample MR analyses were conducted to determine the causal effect of smoking measures on skin cancer risk using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. We used the inverse-variance-weighted estimator to derive separate risk estimates across genetic instruments for all smoking measures. A genetic predisposition to smoking initiation was associated with lower risks of all skin cancer types, although none of the effect estimates reached statistical significance (OR 95% CI BCC 0.91, 0.82-1.01; cSCC 0.82, 0.66-1.01; melanoma 0.91, 0.82-1.01). Results for other measures were similar to smoking initiation with the exception of smoking intensity which was associated with a significantly reduced risk of melanoma (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.51-0.89). Our findings support the findings of observational studies linking smoking to lower risks of melanoma and BCC. However, we found no evidence that smoking is associated with an elevated risk of cSCC; indeed, our results are most consistent with a decreased risk, similar to BCC and melanoma.

Non-Invasive Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma: Photodynamic Therapy Following Curettage.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the effectiveness, safety, patient satisfaction, and cosmetic outcome of Methyl Aminolevulinate-Photodynamic Therapy (MAL-PDT) following curettage in order to make recommendations for its use in dermatology practices. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients who received MAL-PDT following curettage for the indication of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) between 2009 and 2016 at a single private clinic in Ontario, Canada. Two hundred and seventy-eight patients with 352 BCC lesions were included, consisting of 44.2% males (n=123) and 55.8% females (n=155) with a mean age of 57.24 years. The primary outcome measurement consisted of the cure rate. Secondary outcome measurements included side effects, patient satisfaction, and cosmetic outcome, as reported in the medical charts. RESULTS: The overall cure rate was 90.3% (n=318). After controlling for age, sex, and lesion type, nasal lesions were approximately 2.82 (95% CI: 1.24-6.40, P=0.01) times more likely to experience a recurrence. 18.3% of patients (n=51) reported side effects, the most common being burning (n=19). Of those who expressed satisfaction, 100% (n=25) reported being happy. Of lesions with cosmetic data, 90.3% displayed a good response (n=149). CONCLUSION: MAL-PDT following curettage is an effective and safe treatment option for BCC lesions with a good cosmetic outcome and suggested high patient satisfaction. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(5): doi:10.36849/JDD.7133.

A meta-analysis of sunburn and basal cell carcinoma risk.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer in the United States. Sunburn is a modifiable risk factor for BCC. The objective of this project was to synthesize research on BCC and sunburn to quantify the impact and severity of sunburn at different life stages on BCC risk in the general population. A systematic literature search of four electronic databases was conducted and data were extracted by two independent reviewers using standardized forms. Data from 38 studies were pooled using both dichotomous and dose-response meta-analytic methods. BCC risk increased with ever experiencing a sunburn in childhood (OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.72) and with ever experiencing a sunburn in life (OR= 1.40, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.45). Every five sunburns experienced per decade in childhood increased BCC risk by 1.86 (95% CI: 1.73, 2.00) times. Every five sunburns experienced per decade in adulthood increased BCC risk by 2.12 (95% CI: 1.75, 2.57) times and every five sunburns per decade of life increased BCC risk by 1.91 (95% CI: 1.42, 2.58) times. The data on sunburn exposure and BCC show that an increase in number of sunburns at any age increased the risk of BCC. This may inform future prevention efforts.

Nicotinamide for Skin-Cancer Chemoprevention in Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Immunosuppressed organ-transplant recipients have an increased incidence of, and mortality from, skin cancer. Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) enhances the repair of ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced DNA damage, reduces the cutaneous immunosuppressive effects of UV radiation, and reduces the incidence of keratinocyte cancers (including squamous-cell and basal-cell carcinomas) and actinic keratoses among high-risk immunocompetent patients. Whether oral nicotinamide is useful for skin-cancer chemoprevention in organ-transplant recipients is unclear. METHODS: In this phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, organ-transplant recipients who had had at least two keratinocyte cancers in the past 5 years to receive 500 mg of nicotinamide or placebo twice daily for 12 months. Participants were examined for skin lesions by dermatologists at 3-month intervals for 12 months. The primary end point was the number of new keratinocyte cancers during the 12-month intervention period. Secondary end points included the numbers of squamous-cell and basal-cell carcinomas during the 12-month intervention period, the number of actinic keratoses until 6 months after randomization, safety, and quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 158 participants were enrolled, with 79 assigned to the nicotinamide group and 79 to the placebo group. The trial was stopped early owing to poor recruitment. At 12 months, there were 207 new keratinocyte cancers in the nicotinamide group and 210 in the placebo group (rate ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.3; P = 0.96). No significant between-group differences in squamous-cell and basal-cell carcinoma counts, actinic keratosis counts, or quality-of-life scores were observed. Adverse events and changes in blood or urine laboratory variables were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this 12-month, placebo-controlled trial, oral nicotinamide therapy did not lead to lower numbers of keratinocyte cancers or actinic keratoses in immunosuppressed solid-organ transplant recipients. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council; ONTRANS Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12617000599370.).

Skin Cancer Development Is Strongly Associated with Actinic Keratosis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Danish Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are at increased risk of skin cancer and suffer from greater disease-specific morbidity and mortality. To risk stratify the expanding SOTR population for more targeted skin cancer screening, a detailed understanding of risk factors is needed. Using combined clinical and pathological data to capture prevalence of actinic keratosis (AK) and skin cancer, this study aimed to identify risk factors of skin cancer development in a Danish SOTR cohort. METHODS: The trial comprised a retrospective cohort study of patients attending organ transplant clinics at the dermatological departments of Bispebjerg and Gentofte Hospitals in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 2009 and 2021. In addition to pathology records, AK prevalence was determined by review of electronic medical records (EMRs) of SOTR visits which specifically included descriptions of clinical AK. Prevalence of skin cancer, here defined as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (invasive or in situ), or melanoma (invasive or in situ), was determined by EMR and pathology code review. Additional data extracted from EMRs included age, sex, Fitzpatrick skin type, transplantation date and type, and immunosuppressive therapy. The effect of risk factors on skin cancer was calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: A total of 822 SOTRs were included with a mean follow-up duration of 10.8 years (SD 2.4 years). A skin dysplasia diagnosis was identified in 30% (n = 250) of the population, consisting of either AK (22%; n = 177), skin cancer (23%; n = 186) or both (14%; n = 113). An AK diagnosis predicted both SCC (odds ratio [OR]: 31.5 [95% CI: 9.8-100.6], p < 0.0001) and BCC development (OR: 2.3 [95% CI: 1.6-3.3], p < 0.0001), with AKs diagnosed an average 3.1 years before the first SCC (p < 0.0001). Correspondingly, while the risk of SCC in SOTRs without AK was 1.4% 25 years after transplantation, SOTRs with AKs had a 23% SCC risk only 10 years posttransplant. Other identified risk factors included Fitzpatrick skin type I (BCC: OR: 2.4 [95% CI: 1.2-5.0], p = 0.018; SCC: 3.2 [95% CI: 1.2-8.2], p = 0.016) and transplantation duration >15 years (BCC: OR: 1.8 [95% CI: 1.2-2.7], p = 0.007). No significant association between skin cancer development and sex or immunosuppressive regimen was shown. CONCLUSION: Keratinocyte carcinoma is strongly associated with an AK diagnosis in SOTRS and should prompt intensified skin cancer screening in affected individuals.

Incidence Trends of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers in Jordan From 2000 to 2016.

PURPOSE: Skin cancers are among the commonest cancers worldwide, and the incidence of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) continues to rise worldwide. However, there are no comprehensive reports on skin cancer incidence in Jordan during the past two decades. This report investigates the incidence of skin cancers in Jordan, in particular their time trends for the period 2000-2016. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on malignant melanomas (MMs), squamous cells carcinomas (SCCs), and basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) were extracted from the Jordan Cancer Registry for the period between 2000 and 2016. Age-specific and overall age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) were computed. RESULTS: Two thousand seventy patients were diagnosed with at least one BCC, 1,364 with SCC, and 258 with MM. ASIRs were 28, 19, and 4 per 100,000 person-years for BCC, SCC, and MM, respectively. The BCC:SCC incidence ratio was 1.47:1. The risk of men developing SCCs was significantly higher than women (relative risks [RRs], 1.311; 95% CI, 1.197 to 1.436), but significantly lower for BCCs (RR, 0.929; 95% CI, 0.877 to 0.984) or melanomas (RR, 0.465; 95% CI, 0.366 to 0.591). Persons older than 60 years were at a significantly higher risk of developing SCCs (RR, 1.225; 95% CI, 1.119 to 1.340) or melanomas (RR, 2.445; 95% CI, 1.925 to 3.104), but at a significantly lower risk of developing BCCs (RR, 0.885; 95% CI, 0.832 to 0.941). The overall incidence rates of SCCs, BCCs, and melanomas increased over the 16-year study period, but this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the largest epidemiologic study regarding skin cancers in Jordan and in the Arab world. Despite low incidence rates in this study, rates are higher than reported regional figures. This is likely due to standardized, centralized, and mandatory reporting of skin cancers, including NMSC.

Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, Skin Cancer and Photoprotective Strategies in South Africa†.

The most recent data relating to the incidence of, and mortality from, the three commonest forms of skin cancer, namely basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and cutaneous melanoma (CM), in the Black African, Colored, Asian/Indian and White population groups in South Africa are reviewed. While exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is the major environmental risk factor for BCC in all four groups, for SSC in the White and Asian/Indian groups and for CM in the White group, this is unlikely to be the case for most SCCs in the Black African group and for most CMs in the Black African and Asian/Indian groups. Strategies for practical personal photoprotection in South Africa are discussed with particular emphasis on people at heightened risk of skin cancer including the White population group, those with HIV or oculocutaneous albinism and outdoor workers.

Dietary components and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: A systematic review of epidemiological studies.

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer among white-skinned people. The main environmental risk factor for all types of skin cancer is ultraviolet (UV) exposure to the sun. However, significant modifiable risk factors, such as diet, have been studied about NMSC risk. Several original studies have been conducted on the link between various dietary components and the risk of NMSC in the past decade, but have not been systematically reviewed. This review focuses on the potential impact of dietary components in the prevention of NMSC and evaluates the findings of epidemiologic evidence for dietary factors. We conducted a systematic search of three databases, including Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and PubMed, to identify relevant epidemiological studies published between 2000 and July 6, 2021. Finally, forty-three articles were included. Because of the inherent limitations of epidemiological studies, no definitive conclusions can be drawn; however, the links between folate, citrus, caffeine, and alcohol with BCC are notable; thus, high dietary folate intake, as well as citrus and alcohol consumption, are associated with an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), whereas caffeine is associated with a lower risk. More research is required to reach a definitive conclusion.

Basal cell carcinomas of the scalp after radiotherapy for tinea capitis: Clinicopathological study in a case series of 96 patients with analysis of 427 tumours.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Low-dose X-ray radiotherapy to treat tinea capitis during childhood is a well-known risk factor for scalp basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). Post-radiotherapy BCCs are often multiple, and it has been suggested that they display more aggressive features. Our main objective was to study the clinicopathological aspects of post-radiotherapy BCCs to evaluate their biological behaviour and identify features that may differ from other BCCs. METHODS: We performed an observational, retrospective study assessing multiple clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with post-radiotherapy BCCs. RESULTS: We studied 96 patients with 427 post-radiotherapy scalp BCCs. Post-radiotherapy BCCs were often multiple (median of 4 lesions/patient, ranging from 1 to 54). Significant comorbidities included a high incidence of thyroid disease and meningiomas. Recurrences were observed in 23% of patients, but there may be confounding factors, such as referral bias, heterogenous treatment modalities and occurrence of new tumours due to field effect. We found a high incidence of infundibulocystic BCCs (in 14.6% of patients and corresponding to 5.4% of the total number of tumours), trichoblastomas (5.2%) and neurofibromas of the scalp (10%). CONCLUSIONS: This study is consistent with the occurrence of multiple lesions (sometimes numerous) and a relatively high tendency for recurrence in post-radiotherapy BCCs, as suggested by previous studies. We also found a high incidence of the infundibulocystic variant and a higher risk of follicular tumours and neurofibromas, which suggests that radiotherapy may influence the type of differentiation of BCCs and contribute to induce neoplasms of different cell lines.

Risks of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers Pre- and Post-Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: We compared risks of nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) and melanoma preceding and following a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to evaluate the effect of thiopurines and anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNF-α) on skin cancer risk in IBD. METHODS: This was a retrospective, historical cohort study using the population-based University of Manitoba IBD Epidemiology Database (11 228 IBD cases and 104 725 matched controls) linked to the Manitoba Cancer Registry. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed to calculate skin cancer risks prior to and after IBD diagnosis. RESULTS: Persons with ulcerative colitis (UC) were more likely to have basal cell carcinoma (BCC) predating their UC diagnosis (odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.60). Risks of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), other NMSCs, or melanoma prior to IBD diagnosis were not significantly increased. Post-IBD diagnosis, risks of BCC (hazard ratio, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.37-1.70) and SCC (hazard ratio, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.29-2.01) were significantly increased across all IBD groups except for SCC in UC. There was no significant association between melanoma and IBD post-IBD diagnosis. The risks of BCC and melanoma were increased in thiopurine and anti-TNF users, and risk of SCC was increased in only thiopurine users. Nested cohort analysis of persons with IBD with censoring at both thiopurines and anti-TNF use confirmed a higher baseline risk of BCC and no effect on SCC, comparable to pre-IBD diagnosis findings. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of BCC preceding a diagnosis of UC is higher than in non-UC controls, compared with a generally increased risk of all NMSCs post-IBD diagnosis. Thiopurine and anti-TNF therapy increase the risks for skin cancers in persons with IBD after their diagnoses.

The risk of basal cell carcinoma preceding a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis is higher than in non­inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) controls, compared with a generally increased risk of all nonmelanoma skin cancers post­IBD diagnosis. There was no significant association between melanoma and IBD post­IBD diagnosis. Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy increase the risks for melanoma and both anti-tumor necrosis factor and thiopurine therapies increase the risk for nonmelanoma skin cancers in persons with IBD after their diagnoses.

Baseline and lifetime alcohol consumption and risk of skin cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (EPIC).

Experimental evidence suggests that alcohol induces cutaneous carcinogenesis, yet epidemiological studies on the link between alcohol intake and skin cancer have been inconsistent. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) is a prospective cohort initiated in 1992 in 10 European countries. Alcohol intake at baseline and average lifetime alcohol intake were assessed using validated country-specific dietary and lifestyle questionnaires. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated in Cox models. A total of 14 037 skin cancer cases (melanoma: n = 2457; basal-cell carcinoma (BCC): n = 8711; squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC): n = 1928; unknown: n = 941) were identified among 450 112 participants (average follow-up: 15 years). Baseline alcohol intake was positively associated with SCC (>15 vs 0.1-4.9 g/day: HR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.17-1.77; Ptrend  = .001), BCC (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01-1.23; Ptrend  = .04), and melanoma risks in men (HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.95-1.44; Ptrend  = .17), while associations were more modest in women (SCC: HR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.90-1.30; Ptrend  = .13; BCC: HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.00-1.17, Ptrend  = .03; melanoma: HR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.80-1.08, Ptrend  = .13). Associations were similar for lifetime alcohol intake, with an attenuated linear trend. Lifetime liquor/spirit intake was positively associated with melanoma (fourth vs first quartile: HR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.08-1.99; Ptrend  = .0009) and BCC risks in men (HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.04-1.31; Ptrend  = .14). Baseline and lifetime intakes of wine were associated with BCC risk (HR = 1.25 in men; HR = 1.11-1.12; in women). No statistically significant associations were found between beverage types and SCC risk. Intake of beer was not associated with skin cancer risk. Our study suggests positive relationships between alcohol intake and skin cancer risk, which may have important implications for the primary prevention of skin cancer.

Skin Cancer in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Review for the Nondermatologist.

Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are at increased risk for the development of skin cancer compared with the general population, which requires consistent monitoring and management from a multidisciplinary team. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview for nondermatologist clinicians, outlining skin cancer diagnosis, treatment pearls, and skin cancer prevention strategies as they relate to SOTRs. A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted through the MEDLINE database with search terms including organ transplantation, transplant recipient, skin cancer, cutaneous neoplasms, management, and therapies. The search was limited to the English language and dates ranging from January 1, 2011, to December 28, 2021. All studies were reviewed for inclusion. Skin cancer will develop in more than half of SOTRs at some point in their life, most often nonmelanoma skin cancer such as basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. Melanoma and rarer cutaneous malignant neoplasms, such as Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma, are also more frequent among SOTRs. A multidisciplinary effort at skin cancer screening and patient education is invaluable to prevent skin cancer-related morbidity and mortality in this population of patients. Reduction in immunosuppressive medications and surgical intervention are effective therapeutic approaches, and more novel systemic therapies including G protein-coupled receptor inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors are possible options when traditional treatment approaches are not feasible. Checkpoint inhibitor therapy, however, comes with the risk of allograft rejection. With a growing and aging SOTR population, it is essential that SOTRs have support from dermatologists and nondermatologists alike in skin cancer prevention and treatment.